301 INVESTIGATIONS Archives | Customs & International Trade Law Blog

USTR Launches New Section 301 Actions: Key Developments for Importers

The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) has recently announced a series of significant Section 301 actions targeting a range of trade-related concerns, including intellectual property protection, forced labor, and alleged unfair trade practices. Collectively, these developments demonstrate the Administration’s continued willingness to utilize Section 301 as a tool to address perceived barriers to U.S. commerce and advance broader trade policy objectives.

Vietnam

On May 29, 2026, USTR published a Federal Register Notice announcing an investigation of Vietnam under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. The investigation follows identifying Vietnam as a Priority Foreign Country in the 2026 Special 301 Report, which was published on April 30, 2026. The investigation will seek to determine whether Vietnam’s persistent failure to resolve long-standing concerns about intellectual property (IP) protection and enforcement is unreasonable or discriminatory and burdens or restricts U.S. commerce

Once the investigation is complete, Ambassador Greer will determine what, if any, responsive action should be taken to address them. Comments in this proceeding are due July 2, 2026.

Brazil

On June 2, 2026, USTR published a Federal Register Notice announcing a determination under Section 301 that certain of Brazil’s acts, policies, and practices are unreasonable and burden or restrict U.S. commerce, and are thus actionable under Section 301(b) of the Trade Act. These acts, policies, and practices include:

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By Jennifer Diaz|2026-06-05T11:10:39-04:00June 5, 2026|301 INVESTIGATIONS, Enforcement, International Trade, Special 301, Tariffs, Trade Policy, U.S. Trade Representative (USTR)|Comments Off

USTR Announces Section 301 Investigation into Nicaragua’s Acts, Policies, and Practices Related to Labor Rights, Human Rights, and the Rule of Law

The United States Trade Representative (USTR) announced the investigation regarding Nicaragua’s acts, policies, and practices related to labor rights, human rights, and the rule of law under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. This is the first 301 investigation involving policies and practices that may violate labor rights and human rights.

301 Background

Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 is designed to address unfair foreign practices affecting U.S. commerce. It grants USTR a range of authorities to investigate unfair trade practices and to enforce U.S. rights under trade agreements.

Under 301, the U.S. government may impose trade sanctions on foreign countries that engage in acts that are burdensome to U.S. commerce or that violate trade agreements.

The law does not limit the scope of investigations, but it does mention several categories of activities that are subject to 301 action, including:

(1) a violation that denies U.S. rights under a trade agreement

(2) an “unjustifiable” action that “burdens or restricts” U.S. commerce

(3) an “unreasonable” or “discriminatory” action that “burdens or restricts” U.S. commerce.

“Commerce” is defined to include goods, services, and investment.

Previous examples of 301 investigations include investigations into China’s technology transfer practices, Vietnam’s currency manipulation, and Digital Services Taxes in various countries.

Nicaragua Investigation

The investigation into Nicaragua’s acts follows numerous credible reports that the Ortega-Murillo regime engages in human rights and labor rights violations and dismantling the rule of law. Activities cited by USTR include:

Politically-motivated arrests and imprisonments
Repression of members of religious groups and non-governmental organizations

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By Jennifer Diaz|2024-12-12T22:32:31-05:00December 12, 2024|301 INVESTIGATIONS, U.S. Trade Representative (USTR)|Comments Off

USTR Finalizes Action on 301 Tariffs

The United States Trade Representative (USTR) announced final tariff modifications following their statutory review of the Section 301 investigation of the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) Acts, Policies, and Practices Related to Technology Transfer, Intellectual Property, and Innovation. The final modifications include tariff increases on several products including critical minerals, batteries, and semiconductors.

301 Investigation Background

In August 2017, USTR initiated an investigation into China’s acts, policies, and practices related to technology transfer, intellectual property, and innovation. The agency released a report of its findings in March 2018 and in June 2018 began imposing additional duties on products of China in four tranches.

Under the Trade Act of 1974, the USTR is required to conduct a four-year review if they receive an appropriate request to continue an action taken under Section 301. The agency is required to review:

(A) the effectiveness in achieving the objectives of section 301 of (i) such action, and (ii) other actions that could be taken (including actions against other products or services), and
(B) the effects of such actions on the United States economy, including consumers.

In accordance with this requirement, USTR announced in May 2022 that it was commencing this review and opened a docket for interested persons to submit comments.

The agency […]

By Jennifer Diaz|2024-09-17T15:54:25-04:00September 17, 2024|301 INVESTIGATIONS, China, Countries, U.S. Trade Representative (USTR)|Comments Off

301 Exclusion Extensions for COVID-19 Related Products

On March 10, 2021, via Federal Register Notice ( 86 FR 13785), the United States Trade Representative (USTR) announced that 99 medical product exclusions will be extended from March 31, 2021, to September 30, 2021. This action extends a previous USTR action which extended these exclusions from December 31, 2020, to March 31, 2020 (85 FR 85831). […]

By Jennifer Diaz|2021-10-12T14:38:04-04:00April 13, 2021|301 INVESTIGATIONS, Best Practices, China, China Trade War, COVID-19, Customs Expert, Enforcement, HTS, Import, International Business, International Trade, Special 301, Trade Policy, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), U.S. Trade Representative (USTR)|Comments Off

USTR Announces China 301 Tariff Exclusion Extensions for COVID-Related Products

On December 29, 2020, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (“USTR”) announced long-awaited extensions to a limited set of previously granted exclusions (for COVID-related products), that were set to expire on December 31, 2020. Meanwhile, importers across non-COVID industries are continuing to await guidance on their tariff exclusion extensions that are set to expire on December 31, 2020.

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By Jennifer Diaz|2021-10-12T15:11:51-04:00December 30, 2020|301 INVESTIGATIONS, China, China Trade War, COVID-19, Customs Broker, Customs Expert, Enforcement, Export, HTS, Import, International Business, International Law, International Trade, Investigation, IPR, Trademarks and Logos, Supply Chain, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)|3 Comments

USTR Targets Vietnam in New 301 Investigations – Submit Request to Testify by Dec. 10

USTR’s Tougher Stance on Vietnam

The Trump administration has begun to exercise a tougher stance against Vietnam. The United States Trade Representative (“USTR”) initiated two Section 301 investigations against the Southeast Asian country on October 2, 2020. The focus of the two investigations are Vietnam’s acts, policies, and practices related to (1) the valuation of its currency, and (2) Vietnam’s importation and use of illegal timber. The news of USTR’s launch of these dual investigations came days before the U.S. Census Bureau’s latest trade data release – which indicated that the U.S. trade deficit in goods with Vietnam is at record levels, registering at $42.7 billion in the 8 months of data available for 2020. This skyrocketing trade deficit is relevant to U.S. trade policy towards Vietnam because one of President Trump’s key economic pledges was to lower the U.S. trade deficit with trading partners. A well-documented pattern of transshipment of goods from China through Vietnam to avoid U.S. Section 301 duties towards China could also explain Vietnam being targeted.

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